Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above 1018 eV

被引：407

作者：

Abraham, J. ^{[1
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[4
,5
]}

Ahn, E. J. ^{[6
]}

Allard, D. ^{[7
]}

Allekotte, I. ^{[8
,9
]}

Allen, J. ^{[10
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[11
]}

Ambrosio, M. ^{[12
,13
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[14
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[2
,3
]}

Anticic, T. ^{[15
]}

Anzalone, A. ^{[16
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[12
,13
]}

Arganda, E. ^{[17
]}

Arisaka, K. ^{[18
]}

Arqueros, F. ^{[17
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[8
,9
]}

Assis, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aublin, J. ^{[19
]}

Ave, M. ^{[20
,21
]}

Avila, G. ^{[22
,23
]}

Baecker, T. ^{[24
]}

Badagnani, D. ^{[25
,26
]}

Balzer, M. ^{[27
]}

Barber, K. B. ^{[28
]}

Barbosa, A. F. ^{[29
]}

Barroso, S. L. C. ^{[30
]}

Baughman, B. ^{[31
]}

Bauleo, P. ^{[32
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[31
]}

Becker, B. R. ^{[33
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[34
]}

Belletoile, A. ^{[35
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[28
]}

BenZvi, S. ^{[36
]}

Berat, C. ^{[35
]}

Bergmann, T. ^{[27
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[8
,9
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[37
]}

Billoir, P. ^{[19
]}

Blanch-Bigas, O. ^{[19
]}

Blanco, F. ^{[17
]}

Blanco, M. ^{[38
]}

Bleve, C. ^{[39
,40
]}

Bluemer, H. ^{[20
,41
]}

Bohacova, M. ^{[21
,42
]}

Boncioli, D. ^{[43
,44
]}

Bonifazi, C. ^{[19
]}

Bonino, R. ^{[4
,5
]}

机构：

[1] Natl Technol Univ, Fac Mendoza, CONICET, CNEA, Mendoza, Argentina

[2] LIP, P-1000 Lisbon, Portugal

[3] Inst Super Tecn, Lisbon, Portugal

[4] Univ Turin, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario INAF, Turin, Italy

[5] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Turin, Italy

[6] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL USA

[7] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, Lab AstroParticule & Cosmol APC, IN2P3, Paris, France

[8] Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[9] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, CNEA UNCuyo, Inst Balseiro, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[10] NYU, New York, NY USA

[11] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain

[12] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

[13] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Naples, Italy

[14] Univ Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA

[15] Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Zagreb 10000, Croatia

[16] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Palermo INAF, Palermo, Italy

[17] Univ Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain

[18] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA

[19] Univ Paris 06, LPNHE, Paris, France

[20] Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst Kernphys, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Germany

[21] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[22] Pierre Auger So Observ, Malargue, Argentina

[23] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[24] Univ Siegen, Siegen, Germany

[25] Univ Nacl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[26] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[27] Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany

[28] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[29] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[30] Univ Estadual Sudoeste Bahia, Vitoria Da Conquista, BA, Brazil

[31] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[32] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA

[33] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA

[34] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

[35] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, INPG, LPSC,IN2P3, Grenoble, France

[36] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA

[37] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-5300 Bonn, Germany

[38] Univ Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain

[39] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Fis, Lecce, Italy

[40] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lecce, Italy

[41] Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Expt Kernphys, Karlsruhe Inst Technol, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Germany

[42] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[43] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

[44] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Rome, Italy

[45] Inst Nucl Phys PAN, Krakow, Poland

[46] Colorado State Univ, Pueblo, CO USA

[47] Univ Leeds, Sch Phys & Astron, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England

[48] Univ Granada, Granada, Spain

[49] CAFPE, Granada, Spain

[50] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

来源：

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS | 2010年 / 104卷 / 09期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

COSMIC-RAYS; FLUORESCENCE LIGHT; RESOLUTION;

D O I：

10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.091101

中图分类号：

O4 [物理学];

学科分类号：

0702 ;

摘要：

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X-max, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10(18) eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106 +/- 35-21) g/cm(2)/decade below 10(18.24) +/- (0.05) eV, and d24 +/- 3 g/cm(2)/ecade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm(2). The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.

引用

页数：7

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