The fixed structure of Licochalcone A by α, β-unsaturated ketone is necessary for anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of NF-κB activation

Glycyrrhiza inflata has been used as a traditional medicine with anti-inflammatory activity. Previously, we reported that a major component, Licochalcone A, potently inhibited TNF alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation by inhibiting IKK beta activation. In this study, we investigated whether the fixed structure of Licochalcone A by alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone is required for its inhibitory effect of NF-kappa B activation. Interestingly, reduced Licochalcone A, which lacks a double bond, failed to inhibit TNF alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation. Whereas Licochalcone A potently inhibited TNF alpha-induced IKK activation, I kappa B alpha degradation, nuclear localization of NF-kappa B and its DNA binding activity, no inhibitory effect was observed by reduced Licochalcone A. In addition, TNF alpha-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, CCL2/MCP-1 and CXCL1/KC, was clearly inhibited by Licochalcone A but not reduced Licochalcone A. As a result, culture media pretreated with Licochalcone A but not reduced Licochalcone A following TNF alpha stimulation significantly inhibited the chemotactic activity of neutrophils. Furthermore, acute carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice was markedly inhibited by administration of Licochalcone A but not reduced Licochalcone A. Taken together, it is suggested that Licochalcone A is a promising anti-inflammatory drug in vivo and its fixed structure is critical for anti-inflammatory activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.