Identification and Typing of Lactococcus lactis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Currently, the genus Lactococcus is classified into six species: Lactococcus chungangensis, L. garvieae, L. lactis, L. piscium, L. plantarum, and L. raffinolactis. Among these six species, L. lactis is especially important because of its use in the manufacture of probiotic dairy products. L. lactis consists of three subspecies: L. lactis subsp. cremoris, L. lactis subsp. hordniae, and L. lactis subsp. lactis. However, these subspecies have not yet been reliably discriminated. To date, mainly phenotypic identification has been used, with a few genotypic identifications. We discriminated species or subspecies in the genus Lactococcus not only by proteomics identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) but also by phenotypic and genotypic identification. The proteomics identification using differences in the mass spectra of ribosomal proteins was nearly identical to that by genotypic identification (i.e., by analyses of 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism). The three ribosomal subunits 30S/L31, 50S/L31, and 50S/L35 were the best markers for discriminating L. lactis subsp. cremoris from L. lactis subsp. lactis. Proteomics identification using MALDI-TOF MS was therefore a powerful method for discriminating and identifying these bacteria. In addition, this method was faster and more reliable than others that we examined.