Runoff and micromorphological properties of a grazed haplargid, near Cobar, NSW, Australia

We investigated the effects of 2 different grazing regimes on the surface soil properties of a dunefield land system in the semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia. Sandy siliceous, thermic Xeric Haplargids (Siliceous Sands, Ucl . 23) occur on the sandy, 2-4-m-high longitudinal dunes. Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Xeric Haplargids (Massive Red Earths, Uc2 . 13) occur in the swales between the dunes. We compared very high-intensity grazing (approx. 1 year) by feral goats with low-intensity grazing (approx. 4 years) by sheep. A rainfall simulator, applying water at the rate of 30 mm/h, measured the hydraulic properties of the surface soils formed under the 2 different grazing regimes. We examined undisturbed samples of the upper 5-cm layer of the soil surface using micromorphological techniques. In the swales, there were no differences in the effects of the 2 grazing regimes on soil properties. At low-intensity sheep grazing (0.2-0.3 sheep/ha), the soil surface on the dunes remained in an excellent condition. The surface had a good vegetative cover and consisted of either loosely packed sand grains, or areas where the sand grains were bonded together by clay and organic matter to form an organic crust. The total carbon content of the 0-2 cm depth of soil was 0.86%. Both soil surfaces have a high infiltration rate (i.e. >30 mm/h) and also appear to contain stable microaggregates of parna material distributed among the eolian sand grains. Very high-intensity goat grazing (up to 4.0 goats/ha) rapidly depleted the perennial grasses, killed most of the shrubs, and converted the soil surface on the dunes to one highly susceptible to erosion by wind. The low total carbon content (depth 0-2 cm) of 0.3% and absence of iron-stained clay coatings on the sands further support this view. The surface soil on the dunes in the very high-intensity goat-grazing plots consisted of either loosely packed sand grains or areas where poorly orientated clays coated the sand grains to form a strong, physical crust. We suggest that the physical crust may cause a change in the hydrology of the land system which may enhance the conditions for recruitment of unpalatable shrubs in the dune-swale interface. This increase in unpalatable shrubs and decrease in perennial grasses caused by the very high intensity goat grazing is therefore detrimental to the long-term productivity of these semi-arid lands.