A calcium influx is triggered and propagates in the zygote as a wavefront during in vitro fertilization of flowering plants

In this paper, we report direct measurement of an influx of extracellular Ca2+ induced by gamete fusion in flowering plants. This result was obtained during maize in vitro fertilization with the use of an extracellular Ca2+-selective vibrating probe. Ca2+ influx recorded at the surface of isolated egg cells, with or without adhesion of a male sperm cell, was close to zero and stable over time. Gamete fusion, however, triggered a Ca2+ influx in the vicinity of the sperm entry site with a delay of 1.8 +/- 0.6 sec. The Ca2+ influx spread subsequently through the whole egg cell plasma membrane as a wavefront, progressing at an estimated rate of 1.13 mu m . sec(-1) Once established, Ca2+ influx intensities were sustained, monotonic and homogeneous over the whole egg cell, with an average peak influx of 14.92 pmol . cm(-2).sec(-1) and an average duration of 24.4 min. The wavefront spread of channel activation correlates well with the cytological modifications induced by fertilization, such as egg cell contraction, and with the cytosolic Ca2+ ((c)[Ca2+]) elevation previously reported. Calcium influx was inhibited effectively by gadolinium, possibly implicating mechanosensitive channels. Furthermore, artificial influxes created by incubation with Ca2+ ionophores mimicked some aspects of egg activation. Taken together, these results suggest that, during fertilization in higher plants, gamete membrane fusion starts the first embryonic events by channel opening and Ca2+ influx. In turn,.[Ca2+] may work as a trigger and possibly a space and time coordinator of many aspects of egg activation.