Optimization of sampling frequency for river water quality assessment according to Italian implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive

The EU directive 2000/60/EC, also known as the Water Framework Directive (WFD), identifies processes for developing and safeguarding the territory through surface water quality characterisation. This implies controlling pollution loads as well as defining which constraints that are connected to territorial planning. It will be therefore necessary to know in detail the surface water quality in order to forecast the possible consequences of either a new civil or industrial site. Investigating methodologies, data analysis procedures and water quality management tools will be needed to be defined. The aim of this study is to describe through the use of relevant examples, the implementation of WFD in Italy, with a discussion of a case study, as well as the role of sampling frequency to river water quality. The results obtained have allowed a definition of the chemical, physical and biological water quality of the Sele river located in Southern Italy as well as its classification according to the main WFD outlines. Sampling frequency studies and non-parametric tests have also been proposed as possible water quality management tools for the application of the EU directive. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.