Cadmium in Australian potato tubers and soils

Cadmium (Cd) has been identified as a potential contaminant in Foods posing health risks to humans and, in Australia, potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) have been identified as contributing a large proportion of the average dietary Cd intake. To assess the concentrations of Cd in Australian potatoes and soil factors likely to lead to high Cd concentrations, commercial crops and soils were sampled at 352 sites throughout potato production areas in Australia. Across all states, fresh weight (FW) tuber Cd concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.232 mg kg(-1) with an overall mean value of 0.041 and a median of 0.033 mg kg(-1) (FW). Approximately 92 samples out of 359 (25.6%) exceeded the current maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 0.05 mg kg(-1) (FW) and 18 (5.0%) exceeded 0.1 mg kg(-1) (FW). Concentrations of Cd (EDTA-extractable) in topsoils ranged from 0.01 to 0.59 mg kg(-1) with mean and median values of 0.14 and 0.10 mg kg(-1), respectively. There was no relationship between Cd concentrations in soil and tubers. Stepwise forward multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that Cl and Zn concentrations in the topsoil, soil pH, and potato cultivar accounted for 57% of the variation in tuber Cd concentrations, with Cl being the dominant factor. Comparison of soil-plant transfer coefficients (TCs) for Cd with limited international data sets suggests that TCs for Australian soils used for potato production are relatively high.