A minimum on the mean number of steps taken in adaptive walks

I consider the adaptation of a DNA sequence when mutant fitnesses are drawn randomly from a probability distribution. I focus on "gradient" adaptation in which the population jumps to the best mutant sequence available at each substitution. Given a random starting point, I derive the distribution of the number of substitutions that occur during adaptive walks to a locally optimal sequence. I show that the mean walk length is a constant: (L) over bar = e - 1, where e approximate to 2.72. I argue that this result represents a limit on what is possible under any form of adaptation. No adaptive algorithm on any fitness landscape can arrive at a local optimum in fewer than a mean of (L) over bar = e - I steps when starting from a random sequence. Put differently, evolution must try out at least e wild-type sequences during an average bout of adaptation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.