Herpesvirus entry mediator HVEM mediates cell-cell spread in BHK(TK-) cell clones

95-19 and U(S)11cl19.3 are BHK(TK-)-derived cell lines that are highly resistant to postattachment entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 but not to later steps in single-step replication. The resistance properties of these two cell types are not identical. U(S)11cl19.3 cells are fully susceptible to pseudorabies virus (PRV), as shown by single-step growth experiments, whereas 95-19 cells are resistant to entry of free PRV but not to entry by cell-cell spread. We have tested the ability of HVEM to overcome the block to infection in both cell lines following transient and stable transfection. HVEM was able to mediate entry of free HSV-1 into both cell lines, as shown by an increase in the number of beta-galactosidase-expressing cells in cultures transiently transfected with an HVEM expression plasmid and infected with lacZ-expressing HSV-1. In stably transfected 95-19 cells, HVEM enhanced infection by free HSV-1, as shown by an increase in the number of infectious centers obtained following infection. In both cell types, HVEM strongly enhanced entry of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by cell-cell spread, suggesting that HVEM can function as an entry mediator both in entry of free virus and in entry by cell-cell spread.