Cold stress induced calcium-dependent protein kinase(s) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling stem tissues

Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play an important role in plant signal transduction. Protein kinase(s) activities induced by 5 degrees C cold stress in rice (Oryza sativa L,) seedlings were investigated in both leaf and stem tissues in an early (up to 45 min) and late (up to 12 h) response study. The leaf had 37-, 47- and 55-kDa protein kinase activities, and the stem had 37-, 47- and 55-kDa protein kinase activities. A 16-hDa protein showed constitutive kinase activity in the rice seedling leaf and stem. It was further identified that the 47-kDa protein kinase activity induced by cold in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions of the stem was strictly Ca2+-dependent. This CDPK activitiy increased in the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in stem segments, whereas it was decreased by the Ca2+ channel blocker, LaCl3, and the Ca2+ chelator, EGTA. The general protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, completely inhibited this CDPK activity in vitro, and both W7, a calmodulin antagonist, and H7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, could only partially decrease this activity. The protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, increased CDPK activity. This CDPK activity was also induced by salt, drought stress and the phytohormone abscicic acid. Among the 18 rice varieties tested, this cold-induced 47-kDa CDPK activity was stronger in the cold-tolerant varieties than in the sensitive ones.