Mitochondrial heterogeneity in the brain at the cellular level

Classically, compartmentation of glutamate me tabolism in the brain is associated with the fact that neurons and glia exhibit distinct differences with regard to metabolism of this amino acid. The recent use of C-13-labeled compounds to study this metabolism in conjunction with the availability of cell type-specific tissue culture modes has led to the notion that such compartmentation may even be present in individual cell types, neurons as well as glia. To better understand and explain this, it is proposed that mitochondrial heterogeneity may exist resulting in tricarboxylic acid cycles with different properties regarding cycling rates and ratio as well as coupling to amino acid biosynthesis, primarily involving glutamate and aspartate. These hypotheses are evaluated in the light of current knowledge about mitochondrial structure and function.