Evaluation of gardenia yellow using crocetin from alkaline hydrolysis based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography

Gardenia yellow is globally the most valuable spice and food color. It is generally a mixture of water-soluble carotenoid glycosyl esters which consist of crocetin bis(gentiobiosyl) ester as the main component. Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that may be a candidate drug for pharmaceutical development, however, it is either present in trace amounts or is absent in natural gardenia yellow products. We here propose that crocetin produced by alkaline hydrolysis can be used to qualitatively evaluate gardenia yellow products using an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic assay. A useful and efficient isolation technique for isolating high-purity crocetin from gardenia yellow using high-speed countercurrent chromatography is described. High-speed countercurrent chromatographic fractionation followed by an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic assay showed that trans-crocetin is easily converted to about 15% cis-crocetin (85% trans-crocetin). Crocetin in gardenia yellow was quantitatively evaluated. Our approach is based on the hydrolysis process for converting crocetin glycosyl esters to crocetin before evaluation and isolation using the ultra high performance liquid chromatographic and high-speed countercurrent chromatographic methods. The combination of hydrolysis and chromatographic methods allows evaluation of the purity and quantity of crocetin in gardenia yellow.