Studies on spatial distribution of nickel in leaves and stems of the metal hyperaccumulator Stackhousia tryonii using nuclear microprobe (micro-PIXE) and EDXS techniques

Stackhousia tryonii Bailey is one of the three nickel hyperaccumulators reported from Australia. It is a rare, herbaceous plant that accumulates nickel (Ni) both in leaf and stem tissues. Localisation of Ni in leaf and stem tissues of S. tryonii was studied using two micro-analytical techniques, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and micro-proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (micro-PIXE). Dimethylglyoxime complexation of Ni was also visualised by bright- and dark-field microscopy, but this technique was considered to create artefacts in the distribution of Ni. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis indicated that guard cells possessed a lower Ni concentration than epidermal cells, and that epidermal cells and vascular tissue contained higher levels of Ni than mesophyll, as reported for other Ni hyperaccumulators. The highest Ni concentration was recorded (PIXE quantitative point analysis) in the epidermal cells and vascular tissue (5400 mug g(-1) DW), approximately double that recorded in palisade cells (2500 mug g(-1) DW). However, concentrations were variable within these tissues, explaining, in part, the similarity between average Ni concentrations of these tissues (as estimated by region selection mode). Stem tissues showed a similar distribution pattern as leaves, with relatively low Ni concentration in the pith (central) region. The majority of Ni (73-85% for leaves; 80-92% for stem) was extracted from freeze-dried sections by water extraction, suggesting that this metal is present in a highly soluble and mobile form in the leaf and stem tissues of S. tryonii.