The involvement of the opioid system in human obesity: A study in normal weight relatives of obese people

The involvement of the opioid system in human obesity has been demonstrated, but whether the abnormalities in the endorphinergic system play a primary role in overfeeding and weight gain or represent a simple biochemical feature is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of both physiological and pharmacological plasma beta-endorphin levels on some metabolic and hormonal parameters in a normal weight, but prone to obesity, young population consisting of first degree relatives of obese subjects and in body mass index-, sex-, and age- matched control subjects without a family history of obesity. Each subject underwent a 1-h infusion of synthetic human beta-endorphin at a constant rate of 4.5 ng/kg . min (low rate), then after a 1-week interval, at a rate of 500 mu g/h (high rate). Under basal conditions, there was no significant difference in plasma glucose and pancreatic hormones (insulin, C peptide, and glucagon) between the two groups, except for plasma beta-endorphin levels, which were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in relatives of obese individuals. The low rate of beta-endorphin infusion induced physiological elevations of plasma opioid levels in both groups; no significant change in plasma glucose and pancreatic products in control subjects; and a significant (at least P < 0.05) rise in plasma insulin, C peptide, and glucagon concentrations in relatives of the obese. The high rate of beta-endorphin infusion produced pharmacological elevations of opioid plasma levels in both groups; significant (at least P < 0.05) increments in plasma glucose and glucagon levels and no appreciable modification of plasma insulin and C peptide levels in the control group; and a significant (at least P < 0.05) positive response of plasma glucose, insulin, C peptide, and glucagon levels in relatives of obese subjects. These findings suggest that 1) opioid peptides at least in part play a primary, rather than secondary, role in some metabolic events of obesity; and 2) both physiological and pharmacological plasma levels of beta-endorphin are able to provoke marked islet hormone release in the early phase of human obesity.