Contributions of the Bean/Cowpea CRSP to management of bean diseases

Diseases are a major constraint to production of beans in developing countries, reducing yields and seed quality. Contributing factors include poor disease management, lack of resistant cultivars, and the limited availability of certified disease-free seed. From the outset the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) has emphasized integrated disease management, and breeding for resistance to bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus), common bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris (=X. axonopodis) pv. phaseoli) (CBB) and web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris (anamorph Rhizoctonia solani)) (WB). Later in the 1990s, angular leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsis griseola) (ALS), and virus induced bean common mosaic (BCM) and bean common mosaic necrosis (BCMN) became more widespread and epidemic. The research included development of disease-resistant germplasm and studies of pathogenic variation and epidemiology. During the early 1990s bean golden yellow mosaic (BGYM), became a major disease of common bean in the Caribbean and Central America. No cultivar resistant to the gemini virus causing BGYM was available in the Dominican Republic (DR) and pesticides were used to reduce transmission of the virus by white flies (Bremisia tabaci) biotype A. A change in the bean-production system to limit reproduction of the vector through a host-free period and concentrate the bean growing season to a four month period reduced BGYM significantly. Improved resistant cultivars and disease management resulted in high yields and self-sufficiency of beans in the DR. Evidence for co-evolution of the pathogens causing ALS, CBB, and rust in the two major bean gene pools (Andean and Middle American) was found. Variation in the WB pathogen on bean indicated independent genetic populations and the presence of different anastosmosis subgroups. WB disease management practices should be designed for the sub-group of the pathogen. Seed transmission was found to be a significant source of R. solani inoculum. Specific (Ur-9 gene) and adult-plant resistance (Ur-12 gene) to rust was identified for PC-50 (Andean origin) in the DR, and the genes were mapped. A mobile rust nursery was developed to monitor races of rust in a region and assist in resistance-gene deployment in bean germplasm and varieties. DNA based diagnostic methods were developed to differentiate X. campestris pv. phaseoli from X. campestris pv. phaseoli var fuscans (prevalent in East Africa) and P. griseola isolates. DNA hybridization methods also were developed to identify BGYM and bean golden mosaic viruses. Research in USA and East Africa has helped define bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) as separate viruses and has demonstrated that BCMNV appears to be indigenous to Africa. Serological tools were developed that assist in the detection and identification of potyviruses, BCMV and BCMNV. These tools are now used worldwide. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.