5' sequences direct developmental expression and hormone responsiveness of tyrosine aminotransferase in primary cultures of fetal rat hepatocytes

Tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) is one of several gluconeogenic enzymes which appear postnatally in humans and rodents in response to increased glucocorticoid and glucagon levels and decreased insulin. Primary cultured fetal rat hepatocytes older than day 15 of gestation (>E15) transcribe the TyrAT gene in response to the synergistic effect of dexamethasone and N-6,2'-O-dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (Bt(2)cAMP), whereas less mature hepatocytes (<E15) do not [Shelly, L. L. & Yeoh, G. C. T. (1991) fur: J. Biochem. 199, 475-481]. Therefore, we consider >E15 hepatocytes, and not <E15 hepatocytes, to be determined. This study reports that 11.1kb of sequences upstream of the TyrAT transcription start site, which include a cAMP-responsive element (CRE) and a glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE), are required for correct developmental regulation of gene expression in determined fetal hepatocytes. In contrast, the TyrAT CRE alone does not have this capability. Dexamethasone augments basal and Bt(2)cAMP-stimulated activity of the TyrAT CRE alone, su nesting that synergism may be due to interaction between the glucocorticoid and cAMP-signaling pathways. However, Bt(2)cAMP does not further increase dexamethasone-induced activity of the 11.1 kb 5' sequences when the TyrAT CRE is removed, thus excluding interaction of Bt(2)cAMP with the glucocorticoid pathway. Finally, insulin inhibition of dexamethasone-induced gene transcription is shown to be conferred by TyrAT 5' sequences. This study shows that cellular components, other than those which mediate hormonal regulation of genes, are required for determination of hepatocytes with respect to TyrAT. Since this phenomenon is observed with transient transfections, it is unlikely to involve higher-order chromatin structure.