Mucosal bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination of humans inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative but induces mycobacteria-specific interferon-γ responses

We conducted a placebo-controlled double-dose-escalation trial of oral bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in 48 healthy volunteers. Seven of 32 BCG recipients became purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive after dose 1, and only 1 remained positive after dose 2, which suggeststhat oral BCG has inhibitory effects on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. Ten of the original placebo recipients and 11 oral BCG recipients were recruited to return for an intradermal BCG booster vaccination. Five of 10 original placebo recipients developed PPD responses greater than or equal to 10 mm, but none of 11 oral BCG recipients developed PPD induration after they received an intradermal BCG booster (P<.05; Fisher's exact test). These results document persistent inhibitory effects of oral BCG vaccination on mycobacteria-specific DTH responses. Despite inhibition of DTH, oral BCG induced significant increases in mycobacteria-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. More detailed studies of cytokine and homing molecule expression indicated that differential mucosal versus cutaneous trafficking may explain the dissociation between IFN-gamma and DTH responses.