Tropical land use change and soil emissions of nitrogen oxides

Increases in the emissions of globally important nitrogen (N) oxide gases have coincided with significant changes in land use in the tropics, Clearing of tropical forests and savannas for agriculture currently represents the most extensive alteration of land cover on the planet, Over the last several decades, N fertilizer use has increased globally and in China and the developing world, use has recently surpassed that in the developed world. The potential contribution of land-use change in the tropics to the increase in N oxides is great, yet only a few studies have measured N oxide emissions after tropical land conversion. Our summary of available research shows some conversions to pastures and a few management practices, especially those using N fertilizers, increase emissions beyond those found in undisturbed ecosystems. However, not all studies show unequivocal increases in emissions. Accordingly we call for a mechanistic understanding of the processes controlling trace gas fluxes to adequately predict under what conditions increased emissions may occur. More measurements are needed to build and test models that may improve management of N fertilizer use in tropical agricultural systems, Given the expected expansion of agriculture and increased use of N fertilizers in the tropics, increased emissions of N oxides from the tropics are likely.