Effects of ammonia on high affinity glutamate uptake and glutamate transporter EAAT3 expression in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells

Increased levels of extracellular glutamate are a consistent feature of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with liver failure and other hyperammonemic pathologies. Reduction of glutamate uptake has been described in ammonia-exposed cultured astrocytes, synaptosomes, and in animal models of hyperammonemia. In the present study, we examine the effects of pathophysiological concentrations of ammonia on D-aspartate (a non-metabolizable analog of glutamate) uptake by cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Exposure of these cells to ammonia resulted in time-dependent (24% reduction at 24 h and 60% reduction at 5 days, P < 0.001) and dose-dependent (21, 37, and 57% reduction at 1, 2.5, and 5 mM for 5 days, P < 0.01) suppression of D-aspartate uptake. Kinetic analyses revealed significant decreases in the velocity of uptake (V-max) (37% decrease at 2.5 mM NH4Cl, P < 0.05 and 52% decrease at 5 mM NH4Cl, P < 0.001) as well as significant reductions in K-m values (25% reduction at 2.5 mM NH4Cl, P < 0.05 and 45% reduction at 5 mM NH4Cl, P < 0.001). Western blotting, on the other hand, showed no significant changes in the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1/EAAT3 protein, the only glutamate transporter currently known to be expressed by these cells. In addition, H-1 combined with C-13-NMR spectroscopy studies using the stable isotope [l-C-13]-glucose demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular glutamate levels derived from the oxidative metabolism of glucose, rather than from the deamidation of exogenous glutamine in cultured granule neurons exposed to ammonia. The present study provides evidence that the effects of ammonia on glutamate uptake are not solely an astrocytic phenomenon and that unlike the astrocytic glutamate transporter counterpart, EAAT3 protein expression in cultured cerebellar granule cells is not down-regulated when exposed to ammonia. Decrease of glutamate uptake in these cellular preparations may afford an additional regulatory mechanism aimed at controlling intracellular levels of glutamate and ultimately the releasable pool of glutamate in neurons. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.