Specific tandem GG to TT base substitutions induced by acetaldehyde are due to intra-strand crosslinks between adjacent guanine bases

Acetaldehyde is present in tobacco smoke and automotive exhaust gases, is produced by the oxidation of ethanol, and causes respiratory organ cancers in animals. We show both the types and spectra of acetaldehyde-induced mutations in supF genes in double; and single-stranded shuttle vector plasmids replicated in human cells. Of the 101 mutants obtained from the double-stranded plasmids, 63% had tandem base substitutions, of which the predominant type is GG to TT transversions, Of the 44 mutants obtained from the single-stranded plasmids, 39% had tandem mutations that are of a different type than the double-stranded ones, The GG to TT tandem substitutions could arise from intra-strand crosslinks. Our data indicate that acetaldehyde forms intra-as well as inter-strand crosslinks between adjacent two-guanine bases. Based upon the following observations: XP-A protein binds to acetaldehyde-treated DNA, DNA excision repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells were more sensitive to acetaldehyde than the repair-proficient normal cells, and a higher frequency of acetaldehyde-induced mutations of the shuttle vectors was found in XP cells than in normal cells, we propose that the DNA damage caused by acetaldehyde is removed by the nucleotide excision repair pathway, Since treatment with acetaldehyde yields very specific GG to TT tandem base substitutions in DNA, such changes can be used as a probe to identify acetaldehyde as the causal agent in human tumors.