Native and fragmented fibronectin oppositely modulate monocyte secretion of MMP-9

Monocytes remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) by secreting proteins composing the ECM such as fibronectin (FN) and degrading proteases such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which cleaves FN into fragments. The effects of FN and its fragmented products on the expression of monocyte MMP-9 are controversial and largely unknown. We showed that in human monocytes, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha induced MMP-9 secretion and increased fragmentation of FN into distinct fragments. When primary monocytes or the U937 monocytic cell line were incubated on a plastic substrate, plastic-coated with native FN, and plastic-coated with fragmented FN (frag-FN), native FN inhibited TNF-alpha-induced proMMP-9 secretion by twofold (P < 0.01) compared with plastic or frag-FN. Exploration of the dynamics of inflammation by incubating cells sequentially on the three substrates showed that frag-FN opposed the inhibitory effect of native FN. Inhibition of proMMP-9 by native FN was exerted at the translational level, as no change in MMP-9 mRNA, intracellular protein accumulation, or proteomic degradation was observed, and when degradation was blocked, no de novo translation of MMP-9 could be measured. We also showed that the reduction of MMP-9 secretion by native FN was responsible for attenuated migration of U937 cells (P < 0.05). We suggest that in the inflammatory tissue, intact, native FN has a homeostatic role in harnessing MMP-9 activity. However, as fragmented products accumulate locally, they alleviate the inhibition and enable faster migration of the monocytes through the degraded ECM.