Patient literacy and question-asking behavior during the medical encounter: A mixed-methods analysis

BACKGROUND: Although patient participation in the medical encounter confers significant benefits, many patients are reluctant to ask questions of their physicians. Patients' literacy level may affect their level of participation and question-asking behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of literacy on the number and types of questions asked by patients during primary care office visits. DESIGN: Convenience sample recruited between April and November 2004. Physician - patient visits were audiotaped, and patient questions from complete encounters (N= 57) were coded using an adaptation of the Roter Interaction Analysis System. PATIENTS: Participants were predominantly middle-aged (mean age = 56.7 years), female (75.4%), and African American (94.7%). Low literacy skills (= 6th grade reading level) were present in 38.6%. MEASUREMENTS: We hypothesized prospectively that low- literacy patients would ask fewer total questions and fewer questions about key aspects of their medical care. RESULTS: Low-literacy adults asked significantly fewer questions about medical care issues (median = 4 vs 6 among patients with higher literacy levels, p=. 014). They also tended to ask fewer questions overall (median= 7 vs 10, p =.070). Low- literacy patients were more likely to ask the physician to repeat something (p =.013), indicating an initial lack of understanding. They were less likely to use medical terminology, refer to medications by name, request additional services, or seek new information. Question-asking behavior was not significantly related to patient gender, age, years of education, or physician patient gender concordance. CONCLUSIONS: Literacy level appears to be an important determinant of patients' participation in the medical encounter. Low-literacy patients ask fewer questions about their medical care, and this may affect their ability to learn about their medical conditions and treatments.