Three-volt lithium-ion battery with Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4 and the zero-strain insertion material of Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4

A 3 V lithium-ion cell with Li[Ni1/2W3/2]O-4 (Fd (3) over barm; a = 8.17 Angstrom) and the zero-strain insertion material of Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O-4 (Mm; a = 8.36 Angstrom) was examined with an emphasis on rate-capability and cycle life. This cell showed a quite flat operating voltage of 3.2 V with excellent cycleability. Accelerated cycle tests indicated that 83% of the initial capacity was delivered and stored even after 1100 cycles. Although the calculated energy density of a Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O-4/Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O-4 cell was about 250 Wh kg(-1) or 1000 Wh dm(-3) based on the active material weight or volume, the 3 V lithium-ion battery exhibited positive characteristic features, such as flatness in operating voltage, high rate capability, and cycle life. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.