Exogenous phospholipase D generates lysophosphatidic acid and activates Ras, Rho and Ca2+ signaling pathways

Background: Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free headgroup. PLDs occur as both intracellular and secreted forms; the latter can act as potent virulence factors. Exogenous PLD has growth-factor-like properties, in that it induces proto-oncogene transcription, mitogenesis and cytoskeletal changes in target cells. The underlying mechanism is unknown, although it-is generally assumed that PLD action is mediated by PA serving asa putative second messenger. Results: In quiescent fibroblasts, exogenous PLD (from Streptomyces chromofuscus) stimulated accumulation of the GTP-bound form of Ras, activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and DNA synthesis, through the pertussis-toxin-sensitive inhibitory G protein G(i). Furthermore, PLD mimicked bioactive lysophospholipids (but not PA) in inducing Ca2+ mobilization, membrane depolarization and Rho-mediated neurite retraction. PLD action was mediated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) derived from lysophosphatidylcholine acting on cognate G-protein-coupled LPA receptor(s). There was no evidence for the involvement of PA in mediating the effects of exogenous PLD. Conclusions: Our results provide a molecular explanation for the multiple cellular responses to exogenous PLDs. These PLDs generate bioactive LPA from pre-existing lysophosphatidylcholine in the outer membrane leaflet, resulting in activation of G-protein-coupled LPA receptors and consequent activation of Ras, Rho and Ca2+ signaling pathways. Unscheduled activation of LPA receptors may underlie, at least in part, the known pathogenic effects of exogenous PLDs.