Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore

In this study, the levels of several heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in the edible portions of 20 different seafood types consumed in Singapore (2 < n < 12). The mean heavy metal concentrations among the seafood types ranged from below detection limits (BID) to 14.2 mug/g wet weight (ww) for As (shark), to 0.50 mug/g ww for Cd (kunning), to 25.5 mug/g ww for Cu (gray prawn), to 0.58 mug/g ww for Hg (eel), and to 1.21 mug/g ww for Pb (salmon). Chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and p, p'-DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1, 1,1-trichloroethane] and its related metabolites (sum noted as DDTs) were the main POPs found among the seafood types, with highest concentrations in salmon fillets and green mussels. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in salmon fillets (2.75 ng/g ww) were one order of magnitude lower than the highest concentration of PCBs (28.5 ng/g ww). The mean daily intake of contaminants from seafood was calculated for the general population of Singapore. Daily intakes of heavy metals and POPs from seafood are below the oral reference dose set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), except for As, although our study did not characterize the species of As present. Daily intake of As, DDTs, heptachlor, and PCBs in seafood exceeded the conservative cancer benchmark concentrations set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), suggesting that a significant number of people are potentially at risk in Singapore over a lifetime from seafood consumption.