Coherence of Antarctic sea levels, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, and flow through Drake Passage

[1] It is known from small sets of tide gauges that subsurface pressure (sea level corrected for the inverse barometer effect) around Antarctica varies coherently around about half of the continent, and that this coherent signal is related to atmospheric forcing in the form of the Antarctic Oscillation, or Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode. We here confirm that this coherence extends to a more extensive network of tide gauges, and to parts of the continental shelf far from the shore, as measured by bottom pressure gauges. We use time series from an eddy-permitting ocean model with realistic forcing to relate the coherent mode to fluctuations in transport through Drake Passage, and confirm, using a 1degrees resolution barotropic model, that the fluctuations are predominantly due to barotropic dynamics, although baroclinic dynamics are expected to play an increasing role at interannual timescales.