Mechanism of through air drying of paper: Application in hybrid drying

During through air drying the internal sheet drying history develops as a succession of local moisture content profiles in the sheet thickness dimension. These profiles were determined by interrupting the through drying of 180 g/m(2) 6-ply sheets, then quickly delaminating and determining the moisture content of each 30 g/m(2) ply. On the through flow inlet side of the sheet, large moisture differences, about 0.4-0.6 kg/kg dry per 30 g/m(2) ply, develop and move into the interior of the sheet provided that local moisture content is in the range 0.45-1.75 kg/kg. On the through flow exit side, moisture gradients only become significant for moisture content below about 1.25 kg/kg. From the through flow exit side of the sheet much of the water is removed by diffusion to the (low entry side where most evaporation into the through flow occurs. The kinetics of through drying reflect the interaction between these two mechanisms, local evaporation into the through flow and thickness direction diffusion. The moisture diffusivity-moisture content relation controls this balance. In any combination with cylinder drying to give some kind of hybrid dryer, through drying should be at the dry end where air permeability is highest and cylinder drying rate is lowest.