Angular dependence of spin-spin coupling constants

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has a potential for studying the conformations and configurations in all types of compounds, including biological, inorganic, organic and organometallic compounds owing mainly to two different factors. The large increase in experimental techniques with modern high field spectrometers being commonly used, new pulse sequences and new 2D, 3D and 4D NMR experiments are designed to measure some special types of couplings and large biological molecules are frequently enriched in 13C and/or 15N. The theoretical approaches to calculate coupling constants and magnetic shielding constants are implemented in very efficient codes using rapidly increasing computer facilities.