Tyrosine phosphorylation of the δ-opioid receptor -: Evidence for its role in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and receptor internalization

The internalization of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the delta opioid receptor (delta-OR), has been shown to involve the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues. However, recent studies suggest that these residues may not be the only ones phosphorylated in response to prolonged opioid exposure. Tyrosines also appear important for delta-OR signalling, but it remains unclear whether they undergo phosyhorylation. We examined whether the delta-OR, stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, was tyrosine-phosphorylated during prolonged agonist treatment. The epitope-tagged delta-OR was purified by immunoprecipitation, and the presence of phosphorylated tyrosines was detected using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Tyrosine residues in the delta-OR were phosphorylated after exposure to the high-affinity agonist [d-Thr(2)]-Leu-enkeyhalin-Thr (DTLET) in a time- and concentration dependent manner. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the delta-OR appeared to require the actions of a Src-like protein tyrosine kinase, since the Src inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)-[3,4-d]-pyrimidine (PP1) attenuated this response. PP1 also attenuated the DTLET mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as rapid delta-OR internalization, but not receptor down-regulation. Finally, only opioid agonists that induce receptor internalization via the clathrin dependent endosomal pathway stimulated significant tyrosine phosphorylation of the delta-OR protein. Evidence is presented that the delta-OR is tyrosine phosphorylated, and we suggest how this may have an active role in opioid receptor signalling and regulation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc.