Lower cognitive performance of older football players possessing apolipoprotein E ε4

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the cognitive status of professional football players varies as a function of age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. METHODS: Fifty-three active players underwent APOE and neuropsychological assessments. Players were grouped according to age (proxy indicator of high/low exposure to contact) and the presence/absence of at least one copy of the epsilon 4 allele. Outcome measures were overall cognitive performance and scores in cognitive domains. RESULTS: As a group, older players possessing APOE epsilon 4 exhibited significantly lower cognitive test scores than did all other players studied, including non-epsilon 4-possessing players and younger epsilon 4-carriers. Measures of general cognitive functioning, information-processing speed and accuracy, and attention were related to poorer performance among the epsilon 4-carrying players. In an analysis of variance model, the interaction between APOE genotype and age was significant (P = 0.004). As determined using linear regression, age accounted for 34% of the variance in the memory index among APOE epsilon 4-possessing players but did not contribute significantly to variance among the non-epsilon 4-possessing players. Older APOE epsilon 4-carriers were significantly overrepresented among players whose scores indicated possible cognitive impairment, with the criterion of performing two or more standard deviations below the general normal Values in a summary index of general cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION: Older professional football players who possessed the APOE epsilon 4 allele scored lower on cognitive tests than did players without this allele or less experienced players of any genotype. The cognitive status of professional athletes with repeated exposure to head trauma may therefore be influenced by age, inherited factors such as APOE genotype, and cumulative exposure to contact.