A versatile shear and compression apparatus for mechanical stimulation of tissue culture explants

We have developed an incubator housed, biaxial-tissue-loading device capable of applying axial deformations as small as 1 mum and sinusoidal rotations as small as 0.01 degrees. Axial resolution is 50 nm for applying sinewaves as low as 10 mum (or 1% based on a 1 mm thickness) or as large as 100 mum Rotational resolution is 0.0005 degrees. The machine is small enough (30 cm high x 25 cm x 20 cm) to be placed in a standard incubator for long-term tissue culture loading studies. In metabolic studies described here, application of sinusoidal macroscopic shear deformation to articular cartilage explants resulted in a significant increase in the synthesis of proteoglycan and proteins (uptake of S-35-sulfate and H-3-proline) over controls held at the same static offset compression. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.