Aerial image texture information in the estimation of northern deciduous and mixed wood forest leaf area index (LAI)

Leaf area index (LAI) currently may be derived from remotely sensed data with limited accuracy. This research addresses the need for increased accuracy in the estimation of LAI through integration of texture to the relationship between LAI and vegetation indices. The inclusion of texture, which acts as a surrogate for forest structure, to the relationship between LAI and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increased the accuracy of modeled LAI estimates. First-order, second-order, and a newly developed semivariance moment texture are assessed in the relationship with LAI. The ability to increase the accuracy of LAI estimates was demonstrated over a range of forest species, densities, closures, tolerances, and successional regimes. Initial assessment of LAI from spectral response over the full range of stand types demonstrated the need for stratification by stand type prior to analysis. Stratification of the stands based upon species types yields an improvement in the regression relationships. For example, deciduous hardwood stands, spanning an LAI range from approximate to 1.5 to 7, have a moderate initial bivariate relationship between LAI and NDVI at an r(2) of 0.42. Inclusion of additional texture statistics to the multivariate relationship between LAI and NDVI further increases the amount of variation accounted for, to an R-2 of 0.61, which represents an increase in ability to estimate hardwood forest LAI from remotely sensed imagery by approximately 20% with the inclusion of texture. Mixed forest stands, which are spectrally diverse, had an insignificant initial r(2) of 0.01 between LAI and NDVI, which improved to a significant R-2 of 0.44 with the inclusion of semivariance moment texture. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1998.