On the role of outsiders in technical development

In this paper, it is argued that outsiders play an important role in the dynamics of technical change and that, for this reason, outsider involvement is also an important entry if one wants to 'improve' or democratize technical development. Outsiders are defined as people not involved in technical development and not sharing the rules that guide the design and development of a technology. The totality of these rules makes up the technological regime of a technology. Technological regimes are characterized by certain trajectories of technical development. The focus in this paper is on outsiders who may trigger (radical) technical change that transform current technological regimes. Three different types of such outsiders are distinguished and their role in technical development is discussed: professional scientists and engineers, outsider firms and societal pressure groups.