Characteristics of the atmospheric heat source and moisture sink over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the second TIPEX of summer 1998 and their impact on surrounding monsoon

Using the data of 6 automatic heat balance observation (AWS) stations and a data set of 52 surface observation stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ("the Plateau") and surroundings, the horizontal distribution is studied of "apparent atmospheric heat sources" [Q(1)] and of "apparent atmospheric moisture sinks" [Q(2)]. The AWS stations were established during the period May to August 1998 of the Tibetan Plateau Meteorological Experiment (second TIPEX) by a cooperation of China and Japan. For this period the Plateau mean of [Q(1)] is positive. Its value of 74 W/m(2) is a little greater than a climate value and than values from MONEX and the first TIPEX in 1979, respectively. Also the corresponding [Q(2)] is positive. Hence during that time the Plateau is a heat source and a moisture sink. A day-to-day change of [Q(1)] and [Q(2)] is more pronounced over the middle and east part of the Plateau than over the west part. Diagnostics accompanied by numerical simulations are used to study the daily relationship between [Q(1)] over the Plateau and the weather over China and Asia for this summer. The results suggest that [Q(1)] may affect precipitation over northern China and position of the west Pacific subtropical high. Abnormal southward retreat of this Pacific high seems to have caused the second flood over the middle and lower Yangtse river basin in July.