Biotransformation of organics in soil columns and an infiltration area

Laboratory column experiments were performed to evaluate the fate of a series of chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic contaminants in Rhine sediment and in sediment from the infiltration area of the Municipal Water Works of Amsterdam, near Zandvoort, The Netherlands, Columns were operated under aerobic, denitrifying, and methanogenic conditions. All nonchlorinated and few chlorinated compounds were aerobically transformed. Of the compounds tested under denitrifying conditions, only 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene was partially transformed. Methanogenic conditions favored the transformation of chlorinated substances by reductive dechlorination. Toluene was the only nonhalogenated compound that was transformed under methanogenic conditions. Steady-state effluent concentrations after biotransformation were at least 10 times lower than the drinking water limit of 1 mu g/l, except in the case of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene which had a steady-state effluent concentration of 2.6 mu g/l. Steady-state effluent concentrations did not depend on the influent concentration applied. Most transformations proceeded at the same steady-state rates at a temperature of 4 degrees C, although the process of reductive dechlorination was slower at 4 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. Hydrological calculations revealed that the combined action of hydrology and sorption to organic matter in the infiltration system can reduce the concentrations of 2 week pulses of polar and nonpolar contaminants by at least 80 and 95%, respectively. There was a good qualitative agreement between removals observed in column experiments and in the dune infiltration area.