Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys - Evidence for traditions in a neotropical primate

Ten researchers collaborated in a long-term study of social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, involving examination of a 19,000-hour combined data set collected on 13 social groups at four study sites in Costa Rica over a 13-year period. Five behavior patterns qualified as social traditions, according to the study's criteria: handsniffing, sucking of body parts, and three types of "games." Some conventions were independently invented in virtually identical form at multiple sites. The extinction of several conventions was observed during the course of the study; it appears that they rarely last longer than ten years. It is hypothesized that the monkeys are using these group- or clique-specific social conventions to test the quality of their social relationships.