Observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Fermi

被引：120

作者：

Abdo, A. A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Ackermann, M. ^{[3
,4
]}

Ajello, M. ^{[3
,4
]}

Atwood, W. B. ^{[5
,6
]}

Baldini, L. ^{[7
]}

Ballet, J. ^{[8
]}

Barbiellini, G. ^{[9
,10
]}

Bastieri, D. ^{[11
,12
]}

Baughman, B. M. ^{[13
]}

Bechtol, K. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bellazzini, R. ^{[7
]}

Berenji, B. ^{[3
,4
]}

Blandford, R. D. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bloom, E. D. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bonamente, E. ^{[14
,15
]}

Borgland, A. W. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bregeon, J. ^{[7
]}

Brez, A. ^{[7
]}

Brigida, M. ^{[16
,17
]}

Bruel, P. ^{[18
]}

Burnett, T. H. ^{[19
]}

Buson, S. ^{[11
]}

Caliandro, G. A. ^{[16
,17
]}

Cameron, R. A. ^{[3
,4
]}

Caraveo, P. A. ^{[20
]}

Casandjian, J. M. ^{[8
]}

Cecchi, C. ^{[14
,15
]}

Celik, Oe. ^{[21
]}

Chekhtman, A. ^{[1
,23
]}

Cheung, C. C. ^{[21
]}

Chiang, J. ^{[3
,4
]}

Ciprini, S. ^{[14
,15
]}

Claus, R. ^{[3
,4
]}

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ^{[24
]}

Cominsky, L. R. ^{[25
]}

Conrad, J. ^{[26
,27
]}

Cutini, S. ^{[28
]}

Dermer, C. D. ^{[1
]}

de Angelis, A. ^{[29
,30
]}

de Palma, F. ^{[16
,17
]}

Digel, S. W. ^{[3
,4
]}

do Couto e Silva, E. ^{[3
,4
]}

Drell, P. S. ^{[3
,4
]}

Dubois, R. ^{[3
,4
]}

Dumora, D. ^{[31
,32
]}

Farnier, C. ^{[24
]}

Favuzzi, C. ^{[16
,17
]}

Fegan, S. J. ^{[18
]}

Focke, W. B. ^{[3
,4
]}

Fortin, P. ^{[18
]}

机构：

[1] USN, Div Space Sci, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[2] Natl Acad Sci, Natl Res Council, Washington, DC 20001 USA

[3] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Dept Phys, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[4] Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[5] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[6] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[7] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[8] Univ Paris Diderot, CEA Saclay, Serv Astrophys, Lab AIM,CEA IRFU,CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France

[9] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[10] Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[11] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[12] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[13] Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Cosmol & Astroparticle Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[14] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

[15] Univ Perugia, Dipartimento Fis, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

[16] Univ Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Fis M Merlin, I-70126 Bari, Italy

[17] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy

[18] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Leprince Ringuet, F-91128 Palaiseau, France

[19] Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

[20] INAF Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, I-20133 Milan, Italy

[21] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[22] Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA

[23] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA

[24] Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Phys Theor & Astroparticules, Montpellier, France

[25] Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA

[26] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[27] AlbaNova, Oskar Klein Ctr Cosmoparticle Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[28] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ASI, Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Rome, Italy

[29] Univ Udine, Dipartimento Fis, I-33100 Udine, Italy

[30] Grp Coll Udine, Sez Trieste, Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-33100 Udine, Italy

[31] Univ Bordeaux, Ctr Etud Nucl Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, F-33175 Gradignan, France

[32] Ctr Etud Nucl Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS, IN2P3, UMR 5797, F-33175 Gradignan, France

[33] Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan

[34] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[35] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA

[36] Univ Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA

[37] Royal Inst Technol KTH, Dept Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[38] Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro, Tokyo 1528551, Japan

[39] Waseda Univ, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698050, Japan

[40] RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Cosm Radiat Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan

[41] UPS, CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France

[42] Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[43] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[44] Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA

[45] Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

[46] Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astro & Teilchenphys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

[47] IEEC CSIC, Inst Ciencies Espai, Barcelona 08193, Spain

[48] NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA

[49] NYCB Real Time Comp Inc, Lattingtown, NY 11560 USA

[50] Purdue Univ Calumet, Dept Chem & Phys, Hammond, IN 46323 USA

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2010年 / 512卷

基金：

瑞典研究理事会; 美国国家航空航天局;

关键词：

acceleration of particles; cosmic rays; Magellanic Clouds; gamma rays: galaxies; GALACTIC GAMMA-RAYS; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; RADIAL-DISTRIBUTION; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; COSMIC-RAYS; X-RAY; APERTURE SYNTHESIS; GALAXY; EMISSION; GAS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/200913474

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is to date the only normal external galaxy that has been detected in high-energy gamma rays. High-energy gamma rays trace particle acceleration processes and gamma-ray observations allow the nature and sites of acceleration to be studied. Aims. We characterise the distribution and sources of cosmic rays in the LMC from analysis of gamma-ray observations. Methods. We analyse 11 months of continuous sky-survey observations obtained with the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope and compare it to tracers of the interstellar medium and models of the gamma-ray sources in the LMC. Results. The LMC is detected at 33 sigma significance. The integrated >100 MeV photon flux of the LMC amounts to (2.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(-7) ph cm(-2) s(-1) which corresponds to an energy flux of (1.6 +/- 0.1) x 10(-10) erg cm(-2) s(-1), with additional systematic uncertainties of less than or similar to 16%. The analysis reveals the massive star forming region 30 Doradus as a bright source of gamma-ray emission in the LMC in addition to fainter emission regions found in the northern part of the galaxy. The gamma-ray emission from the LMC shows very little correlation with gas density and is rather correlated to tracers of massive star forming regions. The close confinement of gamma-ray emission to star forming regions suggests a relatively short GeV cosmic-ray proton diffusion length. Conclusions. The close correlation between cosmic-ray density and massive star tracers supports the idea that cosmic rays are accelerated in massive star forming regions as a result of the large amounts of kinetic energy that are input by the stellar winds and supernova explosions of massive stars into the interstellar medium.

引用

页数：15

共 61 条

[1] FERMI LAT OBSERVATION OF DIFFUSE GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED THROUGH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MATTER AND HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Ajello, M.
Atwood, W. B.
Axelsson, M.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Barbiellini, G.
Bastieri, D.
Baughman, B. M.
Bechtol, K.
Bellazzini, R.
Berenji, B.
Bloom, E. D.
Bonamente, E.
Borgland, A. W.
Bregeon, J.
Brez, A.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
Burnett, T. H.
Caliandro, G. A.
Cameron, R. A.
Caraveo, P. A.
Carlson, P.
Casandjian, J. M.
Cecchi, C.
Celik, Oe.
Chekhtman, A.
Cheung, C. C.
Ciprini, S.
Claus, R.
Cohen-Tanugi, J.
Conrad, J.
Cutini, S.
Dermer, C. D.
de Angelis, A.
de Palma, F.
Digel, S. W.
do Couto e Silva, E.
Drell, P. S.
Dubois, R.
Dumora, D.
Farnier, C.
Favuzzi, C.
Fegan, S. J.
Focke, W. B.
Frailis, M.
Fukazawa, Y.
Funk, S.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 703 (02) : 1249 - 1256
[2] FERMI/LARGE AREA TELESCOPE BRIGHT GAMMA-RAY SOURCE LIST
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Ajello, M.
Atwood, W. B.
Axelsson, M.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Band, D. L.
Barbiellini, G.
Bastieri, D.
Battelino, M.
Baughman, B. M.
Bechtol, K.
Bellazzini, R.
Berenji, B.
Bignami, G. F.
Blandford, R. D.
Bloom, E. D.
Bonamente, E.
Borgland, A. W.
Bouvier, A.
Bregeon, J.
Brez, A.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
Burnett, T. H.
Caliandro, G. A.
Cameron, R. A.
Caraveo, P. A.
Casandjian, J. M.
Cavazzuti, E.
Cecchi, C.
Charles, E.
Chekhtman, A.
Cheung, C. C.
Chiang, J.
Ciprini, S.
Claus, R.
Cohen-Tanugi, J.
Cominsky, L. R.
Conrad, J.
Corbet, R.
Costamante, L.
Cutini, S.
Davis, D. S.
Dermer, C. D.
de Angelis, A.
de Luca, A.
de Palma, F.
Digel, S. W.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2009, 183 (01) : 46 - 66
[3] BRIGHT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI SOURCE LIST FROM THE FIRST THREE MONTHS OF THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ALL-SKY SURVEY
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Ajello, M.
Atwood, W. B.
Axelsson, M.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Barbiellini, G.
Bastieri, D.
Baughman, B. M.
Bechtol, K.
Bellazzini, R.
Blandford, R. D.
Bloom, E. D.
Bonamente, E.
Borgland, A. W.
Bouvier, A.
Bregeon, J.
Brez, A.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
Burnett, T. H.
Caliandro, G. A.
Cameron, R. A.
Caraveo, P. A.
Casandjian, J. M.
Cavazzuti, E.
Cecchi, C.
Charles, E.
Chekhtman, A.
Chen, A. W.
Cheung, C. C.
Chiang, J.
Ciprini, S.
Claus, R.
Cohen-Tanugi, J.
Colafrancesco, S.
Collmar, W.
Cominsky, L. R.
Conrad, J.
Costamante, L.
Cutini, S.
Dermer, C. D.
de Angelis, A.
de Palma, F.
Digel, S. W.
do Couto e Silva, E.
Drell, P. S.
Dubois, R.
Dumora, D.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 700 (01) : 597 - 622
[4] THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
Atwood, W. B.
Abdo, A. A.
Ackermann, M.
Althouse, W.
Anderson, B.
Axelsson, M.
Baldini, L.
Ballet, J.
Band, D. L.
Barbiellini, G.
Bartelt, J.
Bastieri, D.
Baughman, B. M.
Bechtol, K.
Bederede, D.
Bellardi, F.
Bellazzini, R.
Berenji, B.
Bignami, G. F.
Bisello, D.
Bissaldi, E.
Blandford, R. D.
Bloom, E. D.
Bogart, J. R.
Bonamente, E.
Bonnell, J.
Borgland, A. W.
Bouvier, A.
Bregeon, J.
Brez, A.
Brigida, M.
Bruel, P.
Burnett, T. H.
Busetto, G.
Caliandro, G. A.
Cameron, R. A.
Caraveo, P. A.
Carius, S.
Carlson, P.
Casandjian, J. M.
Cavazzuti, E.
Ceccanti, M.
Cecchi, C.
Charles, E.
Chekhtman, A.
Cheung, C. C.
Chiang, J.
Chipaux, R.
Cillis, A. N.
Ciprini, S.
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 697 (02) : 1071 - 1102
[5] Spitzer survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud, Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (sage). IV. Dust properties in the interstellar medium
Bernard, Jean-Philippe
Reach, William T.
Paradis, Deborah
Meixner, Margaret
Paladini, Roberta
Kawamura, Akiko
Onishi, Toshikazu
Vijh, Uma
Gordon, Karl
Indebetouw, Remy
Hora, Joseph L.
Whitney, Barbara
Blum, Robert
Meade, Marilyn
Babler, Brian
Churchwell, Ed B.
Engelbracht, Charles W.
For, Bi-Qing
Misselt, Karl
Leitherer, Claus
Cohen, Martin
Boulandger, Francois
Frogel, Jay A.
Fukui, Yasuo
Gallagher, Jay
Gorjian, Varoujan
Harris, Jason
Kelly, Douglas
Latter, William B.
Madden, Suzanne
Markwick-Kemper, Ciska
Mizuno, Akira
Mizuno, Norikazu
Mould, Jeremy
Nota, Antonella
Oey, M. S.
Olsen, Knut
Panagia, Nino
Perez-Gonzalez, Pablo
Shibai, Hiroshi
Sato, Shuji
Smith, Linda
Staveley-Smith, Lister
Tielens, A. G. G. M.
Ueta, Toshiya
Van Dyk, Schuyler
Volk, Kevin
Werner, Michael
Zaritsky, Dennis
[J]. ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 2008, 136 (03) : 919 - 945
[6] Cosmic rays, stellar evolution and supernova physics
Biermann, PL
[J]. NEW ASTRONOMY REVIEWS, 2004, 48 (1-4) : 41 - 46
[7] OB associations, wolf-rayet stars, and the origin of galactic cosmic rays
Binns, W. R.
Wiedenbeck, M. E.
Arnould, M.
Cummings, A. C.
de Nolfo, G. A.
Goriely, S.
Israel, M. H.
Leske, R. A.
Mewaldt, R. A.
Meynet, G.
Scott, L. M.
Stone, E. C.
von Rosenvinge, T. T.
[J]. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, 2007, 130 (1-4) : 439 - 449
[8] THE RADIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF GALACTIC GAMMA-RAYS .1. EMISSIVITY AND EXTENT IN THE OUTER GALAXY
BLOEMEN, JBGM
BLITZ, L
HERMSEN, W
[J]. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 1984, 279 (01) : 136 - 143
[9] BLOEMEN JBGM, 1986, ASTRON ASTROPHYS, V154, P25
[10] BLOEMEN JBGM, 1984, ASTRON ASTROPHYS, V135, P12

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 →