Reduction behavior of iron oxides in hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres

The reduction of various iron oxides in hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres has been investigated by temperature programmed reduction (TPRH2 and TPRCO), thermo-gravimetric and differential temperature analysis (TG-DTA-MS), and conventional and "in situ" XRD methods. Five different compounds of iron oxides were characterized: hematite alpha-Fe2O3, goethite alpha-FeOOH, ferrihydrite Fe5HO8 center dot 4H(2)O, magnetite Fe3O4 and wustite FeO. In the case of iron oxide-hydroxides, goethite and ferrihydrite, the reduction process takes place after accompanying dehydration below 300 degrees C. Instead of the commonly accepted two-stage reduction of hematite, 3 alpha-Fe2O3 -> 2 Fe3O4 -> 6 Fe, three-stage mechanism 3Fe(2)O(3) -> 2Fe(3)O(4) -> 6FeO -> 6Fe is postulated especially when temperature of reduction overlaps 570 degrees C. Up to this temperature the postulated mechanism may also involve disproportionation reaction, 3Fe(2+) reversible arrow 2Fe(3+), + Fe, occurring at both the atomic scale on two-dimensional interface border Fe3O4/Fe or stoichiometrically equivalent and thermally induced, above 250 degrees C, phase transformation-wustite disproportionation to magnetite and metallic iron, 4FeO reversible arrow Fe3O4 + Fe. Above 570 degrees C, the appearance of wustite phase, as an intermediate of hematite reduction in hydrogen, was experimentally confirmed by "in situ" XRD method. In the case of FeO-H-2 system, instead of one-step simple reduction FeO -> Fe, a much more complex two-step pathway FeO -> Fe3O4 -> Fe up to 570 degrees C or even the entire sequence of three-step process FeO -> Fe3O4 -> FeO -> Fe up to 880 degrees C should be reconsidered as a result of the accompanying FeO disproportionation wustite reversible arrow magnetite + iron manifesting its role above 150 degrees C and occurring independently on the kind of atmosphere-inert argon or reductive hydrogen or carbon monoxide. The disproportionation reaction of FeO does not consume hydrogen and occurs above 200 degrees C much easier than FeO reduction in hydrogen above 350 C. The main reason seems to result from different mechanistic pathways of disproportionation and reduction reactions. The disproportionation reaction wustite reversible arrow magnetite + iron makes simple wustite reduction FeO -> Fe a much more complicated process. In the case of thermodynamically forced FeO disproportionation, the oxygen sub-lattice, a closely packed cubic network, does not change during wustite -> magnetite transformation, but the formation of metallic iron phase requires temperature activated diffusion of iron atoms into the region of inter-phase FeO/Fe3O4. Depending on TPRH2 conditions (heating rate, velocity and hydrogen concentration), the complete reduction of hematite into metallic iron phase can be accomplished at a relatively low temperature, below 380 degrees C. Although the reduction behavior is analogical for all examined iron oxides, it is strongly influenced by their size, crystallinity and the conditions of reduction. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.