Tomakomai large scale crude oil fire experiments

This paper summarizes the results of large-scale crude oil fire experiments conducted in Tomakomai, Japan, in 1998 to obtain information that could be applied to the development of firefighting strategies for, and the design of, huge petroleum storages. Arabian light-equivalent crude oil was burned in pans 5-, 10-, and 20-m in diameter. Most of the experiments were performed under favorable conditions. Measured data include external radiation, infrared image of the flame, flame temperature, gas concentration inside the flame, and other burning characteristics. The height of the strongest radiant emittance was H/D=0.1 to 0.2, where D=pan diameter and H=height from the initial fuel surface, and a kind of fireball appeared occasionally at the intermittant flame zone. Emitted smoke particles were sampled on the ground and observed with a scanning electron micrograph, and the distribution of the diameters of the primary smoke particles was examined. The average diameter of primary smoke particles is 53.0 (+/- 10.5) nm. The dependence of burning characteristics and flame structure on pan diameter is discussed. The flame height of the 20-m diameter pan fire is 1.9 (+/- 0.3) .D. The burning rate increases as the pan diameters increase, but the radiative fraction decreases as pan diameter increases.