RNA is an important component of many biological processes, including DNA encapsidation of bacteriophage phi29 of Bacillus subtilis. Interestingly, the prohead RNA is involved, in this encapsidation, and was found in monomer, dimer, pentamer and hexamer conformations. This article presents and debates current knowledge about the prohead RNA structures, mechanisms, and roles in DNA encapsidation. A new dimer structure is presented, and its specific role in DNA encapsidation is discussed. (C) 2002 Societe francaise de biochimie et biologie moleculaire/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.