Update on the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in children

Purpose of review To provide an updated review of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, and outcomes of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in children. Recent findings The majority of cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in children have been mild. However, neurological complications, hospitalization, and even deaths have been reported in children. Death and severe illnesses have mostly occurred in children below 5 years of age and children with high-risk conditions. Coinfections with bacteria have also been reported. Most strains are sensitive to oseltamivir and all to zanamivir. Summary Even though the majority of cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 are mild, severe disease does occur in children. In addition, neurological complications and coinfection with bacteria exist. Treatment with antiviral medications should be initiated within 48 h to be most effective. When pandemic H1N1 vaccines become available, the safety and efficacy of these vaccines in this vulnerable population will be important to document.