Cadmium uptake by crops from the subsoil

Plant roots penetrate into the subsoil from which they may take up heavy metals, resulting in accumulation in the plant. The subsoil may contain heavy metals, possibly as a result of ploughing down contaminated topsoil. This is why the effect of Cd in the subsoil on Cd plant uptake was studied in outdoor miniplots in eight consecutive years. Cd (as Cd(NO3)(2).4H(2)O) was added to four different layers of two soils (a sand and a sandy loam) at the start of the experiment. Nine arable and vegetable crops were grown and analysed for Cd. For most investigated crops Cd uptake increased linearly with increasing depth of Cd addition to the soils and for some crops (spinach and potato) the increase was exponential (decreasing increase). Cd uptake by crops on sand was higher than on sandy loam. As most investigated crops accumulated Cd from the subsoil, ploughing down a Cd-contaminated topsoil into the subsoil is a risk for the safe production of food and feed crops. It is concluded that acceptable Cd concentration levels in soils should not only be based an the Cd concentration in the topsoil but also on that in the rooted subsoil.