Linear and multiple antigen peptides containing defined T and B epitopes of the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein:: antibody-mediated protection and boosting by sporozoite infection

We previously reported the identification of a T cell epitope in the N-terminal part of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy), CD4(+) T cell clones derived from mice immunized with a 21-mer peptide (amino acids 59-79, referred to as Py1) containing this epitope confer complete protection after passive transfer in mice, These clones proliferate in vitro in the presence of a 13-mer peptide (amino acids 59-71, referred to as Py1T), This shorter peptide was found to behave as a T-h epitope in vivo, allowing overcoming of the genetic restriction for production of anti-repeat antibodies in BALB/c mice, when cross-linked to three (QGPGAP) repeats of the Pyy CSP, In this study, we report protection in BALB/c mice, against a challenge with Pyy sporozoites after immunization with linear and multiple antigen peptides containing Py1T as T epitope and three repeats QGPGAP (Py3) as B epitope, Multiple antigen peptide (MAP4-Py1T-Py3)-induced immunity was shown to be more effective than immunity induced by the linear form of the conjugate (Py1T-Py3), protecting against challenges with higher numbers of sporozoites, In both cases, levels of anti-repeat antibodies were strongly correlated with anti-parasite antibodies and protection, When tested in vitro, sera from mice immunized with the protective constructs strongly inhibited Pyy liver stages, while lymph node T cells displayed no cytotoxicity, In vivo, depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells did not affect protection, Furthermore, MAP4-Py1T-Py3-immunized mice were not protected against a challenge with P. yoelii nigeriensis sporozoites, a parasite which has the same Py1T sequence but differs from Pyy in its repeated sequence, These results demonstrate that anti-repeat antibodies raised by immunization with the linear or the MAP form are exclusively responsible for the protection, Furthermore, this antibody response is boosted by a sporozoite challenge, allowing protection against a second challenge.