Pulmonary resection with chest wall removal and reconstruction for invasive pulmonary mucormycosis during antileukemia chemotherapy

A 54-year-old woman undergoing chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia developed invasive pulmonary mucormycosis in the right upper lobe at the neutropenic nadir. Amphotericin B therapy became ineffective after an abscess formed in the affected lung, and insufficient infection control compelled us to interrupt chemotherapy. The lesion was suspected of invading the anterior chest wall. After right upper lobectomy combined with the anterior chest wall resection, the chest wall defect was reconstructed using autologous free rib grafts. Successful control of the fungal infection by resection enabled us to restart chemotherapy with concomitant use of Amphotericin B. In selected cases of leukemia-associated pulmonary mucormycosis refractory to Amphotericin B therapy, aggressive surgical intervention may facilitate antileukemia chemotherapy and prolong survival.