Calcium sulfate occurs in nature in form of three different minerals distinguished by the degree of hydration: gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O) and anhydrite (CaSO4). On the one hand the conversion of these phases into each other takes place in nature and on the other hand it represents the basis of gypsum-based building materials. The present paper reviews available phase diagram and crystallization kinetics information on the formation of calcium sulfate phases, including CaSO4-based double salts and solid solutions.