Validation, using a chemometric approach, of gas chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (GC–ICP–AES) for organotin determination

The coupling between gas chromatography (GC) and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) has been optimised using experimental designs. Four factors were considered in order to assist the crucial part of the coupling which is the analytes passing through the transfer line. The methodological approach based on the planning of fractional designs is described and justified according to an optimal experimentation. Then, the GC–ICP–AES-based method has been validated by means of statistical tests performed on calibration curves and evaluation of accuracy, precision and limits of detection (LOD), according to ISO standards and IUPAC recommendations. The absolute LOD are found to be quite similar to those obtained using flame photometer. Relative LOD ranged between 20 and 80 ng (Sn) L−1 after liquid–liquid extraction of the analytes. When solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) is used, LOD are sub 10 ng (Sn) L−1. The repeatability is 3–10%, according to the extraction used. Analyses of reference sediment, fresh and waste waters confirm the suitability and capabilities of GC–ICP–AES for organotin determination in the environment. The statistical approach has been demonstrated to be a powerful methodological tool, enhancing the experimental part by providing reliable analytical results.