Understanding exercise dependence

Exercise dependence represents a condition in which an individual exercises excessively, often to the detriment of his or her physical and psychological health and wellbeing. Despite substantial investigation of this phenomenon, researchers have only recently developed conceptually sound diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, and have yet to determine a suitably convincing mechanism or explanation for its onset and development. Likewise, researchers have not assessed whether therapies considered effective for other behavioural dependencies (e.g. internet or gambling addictions) are useful in the treatment of exercise dependence. With these limitations in mind, the present paper seeks to develop a conceptual basis for exercise dependence, critically review a representative portion of the exercise dependence literature, examine theories describing potential mechanisms for its development and onset, and provide recommendations for clinicians regarding the recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of exercise dependence. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.