DIFFERENTIAL CALCULI ON COMMUTATIVE ALGEBRAS

A differential calculus on an associative algebra A is an algebraic analogue of the calculus of differential forms on a smooth manifold. It supplies A with a structure on which dynamics and field theory can to some extent be formulated, in very much the same way we are used to in the geometrical arena underlying classical physical theories and models. In previous work, certain differential calculi on a commutative algebra exhibited relations with lattice structures, stochastics, and parametrized quantum theories. This motivated the present systematic investigation of differential calculi on commutative and associative algebras. Various results about their structure are obtained. In particular, it is shown that there is a correspondence between first-order differential calculi on such an algebra and commutative and associative products in the space of 1-forms. An example of such a product is provided by the Ito calculus of stochastic differentials. For the case where the algebra A is freely generated by 'coordinates' x(i), i = 1,..., n, we study calculi for which the differentials dx(i) constitute a basis of the space of 1-forms (as a left-A-module). These may be regarded as 'deformations' of the ordinary differential calculus on R(n). For n less than or equal to 3 a classification of all (orbits under the general linear group on such calculi with 'constant structure functions' is presented. We analyse whether these calculi are reducible (i.e. a skew tenser product of lower-dimensional calculi) or whether they are the extension (as defined in this paper) of a one-dimension-lower calculus. Furthermore, generalizations to arbitrary n are obtained for all these calculi.