IDENTIFICATION OF HETEROGENOUS ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EXTRACT OF EDIBLE BROWN SEAWEEDS, LAMINARIA-JAPONICA (MAKONBU) AND UNDARIA-PINNATIFIDA (WAKAME) BY THE UMU GENE-EXPRESSION SYSTEM IN SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM (TA1535/PSK1002)

A significant antimutagenic activity was found in the hot water-soluble extract from a common edible brown alga, Laminaria japonica (Makonbu in Japanese) which showed suppressive effects on umu gene expression of the SOS response against DNA damage in Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535/pSK1002). The extract showed a drastic antimutagenic activity against 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)- or 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1)-induced mutagenesis which requires liver-metabolizing enzymes, whereas the same extract exhibited weak but significant inhibitory effects on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)- or furylfuramide (AF-2)-induced mutagenesis in the absence of liver-metabolizing enzymes. Among these antimutagenic activities, the minor activity was found in the polysaccharide fraction of the extract which showed roughly equal antimutagenic activities against all the mutagens tested. The major activity was detected in the nonpolysaccharide fraction which exhibited a relatively strong antimutagenic activity against 2-AAF- or Trp-P-1-induced mutagenesis but a weak activity against MNNG- or AF-2-induced mutagenesis. The nonpolysaccharide fraction was further separated into high- and low-molecular-weight fractions and the latter fraction showed a much stronger activity than the former fraction. In addition, similar antimutagenic activities were detected in polysaccharide and nonpolysaccharide fractions from the extract of the other edible brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame in Japanese). These experimental results indicate that the hot water-soluble extract of Laminaria japonica or Undaria pinnatifida contains heterogenous antimutagenic activities against typical genotoxic substances. The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of the protection against genotoxic substances by traditional edible seaweeds in Japan.