AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION VIA CROSS-FEEDING OF PATHWAY INTERMEDIATES DURING COFERMENTATION OF AFLATOXIN PATHWAY-BLOCKED ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS MUTANTS

Cofermentation of Aspergillus parasiticus strains (SRRC 163 and SRRC 2043) blocked at different steps in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthetic pathway in a synthetic liquid medium or on seeds (cottonseed, corn kernels, and peanuts) resulted in production of AFB1. Strain SRRC 2043 accumulated O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), a late precursor in AFB1 biosynthesis, whereas SRRC 163 accumulated averantin, an early precursor in the pathway. Strain SRRC 2043 secreted large amounts of OMST in culture relative to the amounts of several other pathway intermediates secreted into media (by other AFB1 pathway-blocked strains). AFB1 production occurred even when colonies of SRRC 163 and SRRC 2043 strains (producing no detectable AFB1) were grown together on an agar medium while physically separated from each other by a filter membrane (0.22-mu-m pore size). In addition, when mycelia of strain SRRC 163 were added to culture filtrates (containing no mycelia but containing secreted OMST) of strain SRRC 2043, AFB1 production occurred. The results suggested a chemical (rather than genetic) mechanism of complementation for AFB1 production between AFB1 pathway-blocked strains, since no mycelial contact was required between these strains for AFB1 production. The mechanism for chemical complementation involves secretion of OMST by SRRC 2043 and subsequent absorption and conversion of OMST to AFB1 by mycelia of strain SRRC 163.